Starting in the late 1980s, rainbow trout in Colorado began dying off because of a parasite that causes whirling disease. By 1997, wild rainbows in the state had all but vanished.
The disease is caused by a water-borne parasite that infects young trout and some species of salmon, causing deformities of the skull and spinal column. The infected fish swim in circles, hence the name whirling disease. Ultimately, it leads to death.
But now, thanks to efforts from Colorado Parks and Wildlife (CPW), the fish 鈥� which is not native to Colorado but is popular with anglers and conservationists alike 鈥� could be on the rebound.
At a small fish hatchery in Salida, a handful of people sit in folding chairs. They鈥檙e all volunteers from the local chapter of Trout Unlimited. Hunched over five-gallon buckets full of water and baby, or fingerling, trout, every so often they call out for 鈥渕ore fish.鈥�
That鈥檚 the cue for CPW鈥檚 aquatic biologist Michael Atwood. He grips a long-handled net and dips it into one of two refrigerator-sized pools in a concrete runway, scooping up a few dozen juvenile trout.
鈥淭his group of fish is a pure strain of rainbow trout that came out of the Gunnison River. They鈥檙e special because they鈥檝e shown some resistance to whirling disease,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ack in the 90s, [whirling disease] really made its way across the state and damaged a lot of our rainbow trout fisheries.鈥�
He plops the mildly sedated fish into the buckets and volunteers get to work. With a small shear, they clip off what is called an adipose fin. Atwood grabs a three-inch trout from a bucket and points to the fish鈥檚 spine.
鈥淭he big fin on top is the dorsal fin, and then just behind it here, that little nub...that鈥檚 the adipose fin,鈥� he says, gesturing to a fin closest to its tail.
Once the fin is removed, the fish are gently tossed into the next holding area so they鈥檙e separate from those yet to be clipped. Atwood says clipping the adipose fin is a marking tactic fish biologists all over the world have used for decades.
The fish in his hand is one of 20,000 rainbows from the Western Slope, spawned on the banks of the Gunnison River and brought to this hatchery in Salida. They鈥檒l be held in this building until they鈥檙e released into the Arkansas River later this month.
鈥淪o then, when I鈥檓 in the field, I鈥檒l be able to quickly look and see presence or absence of that fin and that will tell me where they came from,鈥� he explains.
Officials with Colorado Parks and Wildlife say whirling disease was inadvertently introduced in the state at this very building in 1987. As a private hatchery at the time, infected rainbow trout were brought in, and the parasite made its way into the river and into the wild fish, dropping their numbers.
鈥淚n fact, it decimated a lot of them,鈥� Atwood says.
Colorado Parks and Wildlife has been working to reintroduce rainbow trout back into the Arkansas River at cost of about 55 cents per fish. That comes after the close to $13.5 million the agency has spent sterilizing hatcheries found to contain whirling disease.
Today鈥檚 work relies heavily on volunteers. It鈥檚 16 degrees outside, and not one degree warmer inside the hatchery. A thin sheet of ice covers the concrete floor and water drips from the ceiling. Yet, here they sit grabbing tiny, squirmy fish, clipping their fins, and doing that all over again thousands of times.
Local resident Beverly McBrien has helped out all three years of the program. 鈥淚 have loved fishing my whole life,鈥� she says. 鈥淚 grew up fishing. This is a way I can give back. I鈥檇 love to see more people out here. There鈥檚 nothing like clipping fins in the middle of winter,鈥� she laughs.
As to why these specific fish are resistant鈥攏o one knows for sure. Atwood says the trout were somewhat isolated because of a dam. They were exposed to the parasite, and some survived to reproduce and sustain the population.
鈥淭he goal is that these fish can go into the river, survive to adulthood and then reproduce on their own and sustain that year after year so we don鈥檛 have to continue stocking,鈥� he says.
If that happens, the fish can spawn more resistant trout and the population can grow.
The first cycle of Gunnison River rainbows was introduced in the Arkansas in March 2017. Atwood says that group will soon be sexually mature.
鈥淪o hopefully, this October when we鈥檙e out checking in on the population, we鈥檒l start to see some signs of young rainbow trout that have all of their fins so we know that they鈥檙e wild. That鈥檚 how we鈥檙e going to document whether or not these fish are reproducing,鈥� he says.
So far, Atwood says the imported population has been surviving. He says he鈥檚 optimistic given that these fish are accustomed to a river environment like the one they鈥檒l be introduced to in a few weeks.
Additionally, Atwood says Gunnison River rainbow trout stocked into the Arkansas last spring had grown impressively to about 8 inches on average by the fall. About half of the rainbows found during annual sampling in October 2018 were the resistant population.
Abigail Beckman is a reporter at Harvest Public Media associate partner 91.5 FM KRCC in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
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